NEURO

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Jiang-Xie et al. identified a specific group of hypothalamic neurons (AANs) commonly activated by multiple classes of general anesthetics. Stimulation of AANs potentiates slow-wave sleep and general anesthesia (GA), whereas inhibition of AANs disrupts natural sleep and destabilizes GA. from journals http://bit.ly/2V6O986

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Spatiotemporal regulation of neuronal gene expression is essential for proper functioning of neuronal circuits. In this issue of Neuron, Sharma et al. (2019) discover a dual role for Arnt2-NcoR2 protein complexes in the activity-dependent regulation of neuronal transcriptomes. from journals http://bit.ly/2PgSqjQ

In this issue of Neuron, Gasset-Rosa et al. (2019) and Mann et al. (2019) demonstrate that cytoplasmic inclusions containing aggregated phosphorylated TDP-43 can evolve through three pathways: direct aggregation or phase-separated intermediates involving ejection from stress granules or seeding with exogenous fibrils. Interestingly, seeding with exogenous fibrils also induces cytoplasmic aggregates of nuclear pore proteins. from journals http://bit.ly/2v7vZEt

Nematodes can use local and global search strategies to find food. In this issue of Neuron, López-Cruz et al. (2019) unravel a neural circuit mechanism that allows worms to select and switch between these search modes depending on recent experience of food. from journals http://bit.ly/2PcCZsM

Microglia are increasingly recognized as developmental sculptors of neural circuits. In this issue of Neuron, VanRyzin et al. (2019) demonstrate a novel mechanism by which endocannabinoids drive microglia to phagocytose newborn astrocytes in the medial amygdala of male rats, promoting sex differences in social play behavior. from journals http://bit.ly/2v8KOGT

Establishing a functional neuronal circuit requires not only synapsing with the right cell type, but also targeting the right subcellular compartment. In this issue of Neuron, Tai et al. (2019) identify the cell adhesion molecule L1CAM as integral to the mechanism by which chandelier cells establish subcellular compartment-specific innervation of pyramidal neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex. from journals http://bit.ly/2PgSose

Disruption of RNA binding proteins with widespread perturbations of the transcriptome is at the heart of several neurological diseases. Nussbacher et al. review the diverse mechanisms by which this occurs (reduced expression, increased aggregation, and sequestration by repeat-containing RNAs and proteins), and emerging therapeutic approaches to ameliorate these pathologies. from journals http://bit.ly/2vawspm

The adult subventricular zone (SVZ) stem cell niche is comprised of multi-ciliated ependymal cells that line the brain ventricular system and adult stem cells. Papers in Neuron (Álvarez et al., 2019) and Cell Reports (Redmond et al., 2019) report that these cell types share a common precursor. Álvarez et al. further show that Geminin family members modulate the fate of daughter cells. from journals http://bit.ly/2PhWjEZ

de Cheveigné and Nelken cast a critical eye on filters, perhaps the most widely used—and misused—tool in electrophysiology and neuroscience. The potential for artifacts is often overlooked, and details are almost invariably under-reported. from journals http://bit.ly/2vcfreG

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Alternative splicing of presynaptic neurexin-1 and -3 at splice site 4 is shown to regulate the receptor composition of excitatory synapses. Neurexin-1-SS4+ increases NMDA receptor responses, whereas neurexin-3-SS4+ suppresses AMPA receptor responses. Thus, presynaptic neurexin alternative splicing shapes the postsynaptic glutamate receptor composition. from journals http://bit.ly/2KLWSbQ

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